KEGG ENZYME: 1.14.99.63

ENZYME: 1.14.99.63

Entry

EC 1.14.99.63               Enzyme

Name

beta-carotene 4-ketolase;
BKT (ambiguous);
beta-C-4 oxygenase;
beta-carotene ketolase;
crtS (gene name);
crtW (gene name)

Class

Oxidoreductases;
Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen;
Miscellaneous

Sysname

beta-carotene,donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (echinenone-forming)

Reaction(IUBMB)

(1) beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 = echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O [RN:R05345];
(2) echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 = canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O [RN:R07563]

Reaction(KEGG)

R05345 R07563;
(other) R07564 R07567

Substrate

beta-carotene [CPD:C02094];
reduced acceptor [CPD:C00030];
O2 [CPD:C00007];
echinenone [CPD:C08592]

Product

echinenone [CPD:C08592];
acceptor [CPD:C00028];
H2O [CPD:C00001];
canthaxanthin [CPD:C08583]

Comment

The enzyme, studied from algae, plants, fungi, and bacteria, adds an oxo group at position 4 of a carotenoid beta ring. It is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids such as astaxanthin and flexixanthin. The enzyme does not act on beta rings that are hydroxylated at position 3, such as in zeaxanthin (cf. EC 1.14.99.64, zeaxanthin 4-ketolase). The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifuntional and also catalyses the activity of EC 1.14.15.24, beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase.

History

EC 1.14.99.63 created 2018

Pathway

ec00906

Carotenoid biosynthesis

ec01110

Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites

Orthology

K09836

beta-carotene/zeaxanthin 4-ketolase

K23037

beta-carotene 4-ketolase/3-hydroxylase

Genes

CRE:	CHLRE_04g215000v5

VCN:	VOLCADRAFT_127303(cbk1)

MNG:

MNEG_0808

RTA:

Rta_07690

PECT:

BN1012_Phect1197

NEO:	CYG48_21980

BRA:	BRADO6505(crtW)

DRH:	JI748_12795

JAV:	OXU80_11185

ACUT:

MRB58_16345

BSB:	Bresu_2277

BRD:	JL11_05885

BRG:	A4249_04370

BRL:	BZG35_08080

BVC:	CEP68_00760

BREV:

E7T10_10705

BFQ:	JX001_09310

BRES:

E4341_10205

BREA:

HZ989_10865

PARR:

EOJ32_07405

PAAK:

FIU66_14240

PLIA:

E4191_05660

PMAU:

CP157_02151

PAEX:

JHW48_06580

STAX:

MC45_05465

SPII:

G7077_12810

SARI:

H5J25_02995

POQ:	KZX46_16525

PMEA:

KTC28_14705

ARUE:

QQX03_03980

ANH:	A6F65_02210

EGN:	BMF35_a0114

QAR:	K3148_08915

QPS:	K3166_02545

ELI:

ELI_03320

ELQ:	Ga0102493_111887

ERK:	CD351_13650

ERF:	FIU90_13605

PNS:	A9D12_01075

PORL:

BG023_112625

PHZ:	CHX26_14210

POT:	E2E27_07845

AFLV:

QQW98_01865

RMT:	IAI58_06190

PBR:	PB2503_11009

MXA:

MXAN_6049

MSD:	MYSTI_06679

MYM:	A176_000846

MFB:	MFUL124B02_35020

MYX:	QEG98_33260

CCX:	COCOR_06583(crtW)

MFU:	LILAB_16045

MMAS:

MYMAC_005830

SUR:	STAUR_6754

AGE:	AA314_08745

AVM:	JQX13_03460

MBD:	MEBOL_001798

CFUS:

CYFUS_008473

BSED:

DN745_03185

PCAY:

FRD00_10870

BBAE:

FRD01_08870

SYE:	Syncc9902_0972

SYG:

sync_1804

SYR:	SynRCC307_1993

SYX:	SynWH7803_0928

SYNE:

Syn6312_1321

SYNP:

Syn7502_01940

SYNR:

KR49_01350

SYNW:

SynWH8103_01530

SYNC:

CB0101_02080

SYW:

SYNW1368

CGC:	Cyagr_0842

CYI:	CBM981_2741

CMP:	Cha6605_0315 Cha6605_4514 Cha6605_5744

CYN:	Cyan7425_5230

CEP:	Cri9333_0170

LEN:	LEP3755_43260

LET:	O77CONTIG1_02125

LBO:	LBWT_26070

PSER:

ABRG53_3046

PGX:	OA858_21975

THEU:

HPC62_21880

TOG:	HNI00_06650

TSIN:

OXH18_10945

GLP:	Glo7428_2965 Glo7428_3135

GDU:	P0S91_03570 P0S91_20390

GEN:	GM3709_2452

GEE:	GM3708_1863

CYL:	AA637_00845(crtW)

SYP:	SYNPCC7002_A2809(crtW)

SYV:	AWQ23_14010

SYL:	AWQ21_14130

LEP:	Lepto7376_2015

SYNN:

NIES970_00110(crtW)

CYJ:	Cyan7822_5104

PPSU:

NO713_05200

MPRO:

BJP34_32830

GVI:	gll1728(crtO)

GLJ:

GKIL_3296

GML:	ISF26_01080

ANA:

alr3189

NPU:	Npun_F4798 Npun_F5919

NOS:	Nos7107_4978

NON:	NOS3756_22680

NFL:	COO91_05771

NOE:	CLI64_28530

NSH:

GXM_04354

NED:	HUN01_17815

NPZ:	ACX27_02575

AVA:	Ava_2048 Ava_3888

ANN:	EH233_18150 EH233_26505

CSG:	Cylst_4235

HBQ:	QI031_27295

CALO:

Cal7507_3244

CALN:

NIES2098_00100 NIES2098_59210

CALS:

NIES3974_44280

RIV:	Riv7116_6021

NSP:	BMF81_04508(crtW)

NSPH:

BDGGKGIB_03778

AEE:	IM676_10055 IM676_10090

TOQ:	HCG51_00755 HCG51_17065

ALAX:

NIES50_22160 NIES50_54250

NCN:	BZZ01_29270

CTHE:

Chro_2833

ANF:

AQPE_1619

PEJ:	FYC62_10455

PEK:	FFJ24_025845

PROE:

H9L23_26345

PEX:	IZT61_17375

PMUO:

LOK61_20665

PRK:	H9N25_24170

MUP:	A0256_02290

MUH:	HYN43_029965

MGK:	FSB76_16670

MRUB:

DEO27_031185

MGOS:

DIU38_032765

MDJ:	LLH06_01495

MROB:

HH214_14990

MJJ:	PQO05_23405

MSAB:

SNE25_31725

SBX:	CA265_25400

CMR:	Cycma_1287

CAMU:

CA2015_1201

BBD:	Belba_0846

EVI:	Echvi_1481

EST:	DN752_10555

ECHI:

FKX85_07085

EMAI:

KZP23_05095

ALM:	AO498_03135

ALGO:

GYM62_17075

MDA:	IPZ59_03515

RHOZ:

GXP67_07560

PSEZ:

HME7025_02005

AANH:

G9X63_07945

ALEN:

G9X62_08050

RSI:	Runsl_3500

RUN:	DR864_08270

RUP:	DTQ70_16765

FAE:	FAES_3517(crtO)

FIB:	A6C57_24720

FLI:	Fleli_2161

HSW:

Hsw_1159

HYM:	N008_02185

HYD:	PK28_06820

HYE:	AM218_09395

HYG:	AUC43_16265

HYP:	A0257_09415

HYZ:	AXW84_06265

HNV:	DDQ68_22105

HYH:	D3Y59_07865

HYJ:	FHG12_02820

HQI:	H9L05_01275

HRS:	HER32_16970

HBN:	GUY19_07525

HTS:	HMJ29_13310

HMT:	MTP16_18120

HTB:	MTX78_06855

HYK:	O9Z63_03240

HSK:	H4317_13700

HCW:	O3303_01465

HSB:	MWH26_04125

HAEI:

MUN82_12750

HCU:	MUN79_13255

HVL:	MUN86_06380

HCF:	MUN80_12195

PKO:	PKOR_22120

PACT:

CA264_10885

RUF:	TH63_10565

RTI:	DC20_01375

RUD:	TH61_00060

NIB:	GU926_05430

ADD:	HUW48_15820

ASWU:

HUW51_16685

FBT:	D770_17135

PRHO:

PZB74_16595

TPEL:

P0M28_27955

RSR:	T7867_04160

IAL:

IALB_0392

» show all

Reference

1 [PMID:7750556]

Authors

Lotan T, Hirschberg J

Title

Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding beta-C-4-oxygenase, that converts beta-carotene to the ketocarotenoid canthaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis.

Journal

FEBS Lett 364:125-8 (1995)
DOI:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00368-j

Reference

2 [PMID:8764486]

Authors

Breitenbach J, Misawa N, Kajiwara S, Sandmann G

Title

Expression in Escherichia coli and properties of the carotene ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis.

Journal

FEMS Microbiol Lett 140:241-6 (1996)
DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08343.x

Reference

3 [PMID:15269553]

Authors

Steiger S, Sandmann G

Title

Cloning of two carotenoid ketolase genes from Nostoc punctiforme for the heterologous production of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin.

Journal

Biotechnol Lett 26:813-7 (2004)
DOI:10.1023/b:bile.0000025880.91269.cf

Reference

4 [PMID:16416328]

Authors

Ojima K, Breitenbach J, Visser H, Setoguchi Y, Tabata K, Hoshino T, van den Berg J, Sandmann G

Title

Cloning of the astaxanthin synthase gene from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) and its assignment as a beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase.

Journal

Mol Genet Genomics 275:148-58 (2006)
DOI:10.1007/s00438-005-0072-x

Sequence

[ag:CAC16261]

Reference

5 [PMID:16625353]

Authors

Tao L, Yao H, Kasai H, Misawa N, Cheng Q

Title

A carotenoid synthesis gene cluster from Algoriphagus sp. KK10202C with a novel fusion-type lycopene beta-cyclase gene.

Journal

Mol Genet Genomics 276:79-86 (2006)
DOI:10.1007/s00438-006-0121-0