KEGG   PATHWAY: mmu04210
Entry
mmu04210                    Pathway                                
Name
Apoptosis - Mus musculus (house mouse)
Description
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process for the elimination of damaged or redundant cells by activation of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases). The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. The 'extrinsic' pathway involves stimulation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor subfamily, such as TNFRI, CD95/Fas or TRAILR (death receptors), located at the cell surface, by their specific ligands, such as TNF-alpha, FasL or TRAIL, respectively. The 'intrinsic' pathway is activated mainly by non-receptor stimuli, such as DNA damage, ER stress, metabolic stress, UV radiation or growth-factor deprivation. The central event in the 'intrinsic' pathway is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which leads to the release of cytochrome c. These two pathways converge at the level of effector caspases, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7. The third major pathway is initiated by the constituents of cytotoxic granules (e.g. Perforin and Granzyme B) that are released by CTLs (cytotoxic T-cells) and NK (natural killer) cells. Granzyme B, similarly to the caspases, cleaves its substrates after aspartic acid residues, suggesting that this protease has the ability to activate members of the caspase family directly. It is the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, survive or proliferate. TNF family of ligands activates anti-apoptotic or cell-survival signals as well as apoptotic signals. NGF and Interleukin-3 promotes the survival, proliferation and differentiation of neurons or hematopoietic cells, respectively. Withdrawal of these growth factors leads to cell death, as described above.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
Pathway map
mmu04210  Apoptosis
mmu04210

Other DBs
GO: 0006915
Organism
Mus musculus (house mouse) [GN:mmu]
Gene
22035  Tnfsf10; tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10 [KO:K04721]
21933  Tnfrsf10b; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10b [KO:K04722]
14103  Fasl; Fas ligand [KO:K04389]
14102  Fas; Fas cell surface death receptor [KO:K04390]
14082  Fadd; Fas associated via death domain [KO:K02373]
21926  Tnf; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
21937  Tnfrsf1a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a [KO:K03158]
71609  Tradd; TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain [KO:K03171]
12633  Cflar; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator [KO:K04724]
12370  Casp8; caspase 8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
12368  Casp6; caspase 6 [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
12367  Casp3; caspase 3 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
12369  Casp7; caspase 7 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
12122  Bid; BH3 interacting domain death agonist [KO:K04726]
12028  Bax; BCL2-associated X protein [KO:K02159]
12018  Bak1; BCL2-antagonist/killer 1 [KO:K14021]
66593  Diablo; diablo, IAP-binding mitochondrial protein [KO:K10522]
18952  Septin4; septin 4 [KO:K16943]
64704  Htra2; HtrA serine peptidase 2 [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
13063  Cycs; cytochrome c, somatic [KO:K08738]
13067  Cyct; cytochrome c, testis [KO:K08738]
11783  Apaf1; apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 [KO:K02084]
12371  Casp9; caspase 9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
18646  Prf1; perforin 1 (pore forming protein) [KO:K07818]
14939  Gzmb; granzyme B [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
22145  Tuba4a; tubulin, alpha 4A [KO:K07374]
22144  Tuba3a; tubulin, alpha 3A [KO:K07374]
22142  Tuba1a; tubulin, alpha 1A [KO:K07374]
22146  Tuba1c; tubulin, alpha 1C [KO:K07374]
22147  Tuba3b; tubulin, alpha 3B [KO:K07374]
22143  Tuba1b; tubulin, alpha 1B [KO:K07374]
53857  Tuba8; tubulin, alpha 8 [KO:K07374]
238463  Tubal3; tubulin, alpha-like 3 [KO:K07374]
17210  Mcl1; myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 [KO:K02539]
11465  Actg1; actin, gamma, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K05692]
11461  Actb; actin, beta [KO:K05692]
20740  Sptan1; spectrin alpha, non-erythrocytic 1 [KO:K06114]
16905  Lmna; lamin A [KO:K12641]
16906  Lmnb1; lamin B1 [KO:K07611]
16907  Lmnb2; lamin B2 [KO:K07611]
11545  Parp1; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1 [KO:K24070] [EC:2.4.2.30]
11546  Parp2; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 2 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
235587  Parp3; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 3 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
328417  Parp4; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 4 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
13347  Dffa; DNA fragmentation factor, alpha subunit [KO:K02310]
13368  Dffb; DNA fragmentation factor, beta subunit [KO:K02311] [EC:3.-.-.-]
13804  Endog; endonuclease G [KO:K01173]
26926  Aifm1; apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated 1 [KO:K04727] [EC:1.-.-.-]
78943  Ern1; endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signalling 1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
22030  Traf2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
16438  Itpr1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 [KO:K04958]
16439  Itpr2; inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor 2 [KO:K04959]
16440  Itpr3; inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor 3 [KO:K04960]
12333  Capn1; calpain 1 [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
12334  Capn2; calpain 2 [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
12364  Casp12; caspase 12 [KO:K04741] [EC:3.4.22.-]
13666  Eif2ak3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
13665  Eif2s1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 1 alpha [KO:K03237]
11911  Atf4; activating transcription factor 4 [KO:K04374]
13198  Ddit3; DNA-damage inducible transcript 3 [KO:K04452]
13030  Ctsb; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
13032  Ctsc; cathepsin C [KO:K01275] [EC:3.4.14.1]
13033  Ctsd; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
56464  Ctsf; cathepsin F [KO:K01373] [EC:3.4.22.41]
13036  Ctsh; cathepsin H [KO:K01366] [EC:3.4.22.16]
13038  Ctsk; cathepsin K [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
13039  Ctsl; cathepsin L [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
229445  Ctso; cathepsin O [KO:K01374] [EC:3.4.22.42]
13040  Ctss; cathepsin S [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
13041  Ctsw; cathepsin W [KO:K08569] [EC:3.4.22.-]
64138  Ctsz; cathepsin Z [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
11797  Birc2; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 2 [KO:K16060]
11796  Birc3; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 3 [KO:K16060]
11798  Xiap; X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
11799  Birc5; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5 [KO:K08731]
12125  Bcl2l11; BCL2 like 11 [KO:K16341]
12048  Bcl2l1; BCL2-like 1 [KO:K04570]
12043  Bcl2; B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 [KO:K02161]
13163  Daxx; Fas death domain-associated protein [KO:K02308]
19766  Ripk1; receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 [KO:K02861] [EC:2.7.11.1]
69601  Dab2ip; disabled 2 interacting protein [KO:K19901]
26408  Map3k5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
26419  Mapk8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
26420  Mapk9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
26414  Mapk10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
12015  Bad; BCL2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
16476  Jun; jun proto-oncogene [KO:K04448]
14281  Fos; FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene [KO:K04379]
22059  Trp53; transformation related protein 53 [KO:K04451]
12123  Hrk; harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain) [KO:K02512]
53859  Map3k14; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 [KO:K04466] [EC:2.7.11.25]
12675  Chuk; conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
16150  Ikbkb; inhibitor of kappaB kinase beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
16151  Ikbkg; inhibitor of kappaB kinase gamma [KO:K07210]
18035  Nfkbia; nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha [KO:K04734]
18033  Nfkb1; nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105 [KO:K02580]
19697  Rela; v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian) [KO:K04735]
19249  Ptpn13; protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 13 [KO:K02374]
13197  Gadd45a; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha [KO:K04402]
17873  Gadd45b; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 beta [KO:K04402]
23882  Gadd45g; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 gamma [KO:K04402]
22029  Traf1; TNF receptor-associated factor 1 [KO:K03172]
12047  Bcl2a1d; B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 related protein A1d [KO:K02162]
12044  Bcl2a1a; B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 related protein A1a [KO:K02162]
12045  Bcl2a1b; B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 related protein A1b [KO:K02162]
12046  Bcl2a1c; B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 related protein A1c [KO:K02162]
11920  Atm; ataxia telangiectasia mutated [KO:K04728] [EC:2.7.11.1]
57913  Pidd1; p53 induced death domain protein 1 [KO:K10130]
170770  Bbc3; BCL2 binding component 3 [KO:K10132]
58801  Pmaip1; phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 [KO:K10131]
12366  Casp2; caspase 2 [KO:K02186] [EC:3.4.22.55]
18049  Ngf; nerve growth factor [KO:K02582]
18211  Ntrk1; neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1 [KO:K03176] [EC:2.7.10.1]
16187  Il3; interleukin 3 [KO:K04736]
16188  Il3ra; interleukin 3 receptor, alpha chain [KO:K04737]
12984  Csf2rb2; colony stimulating factor 2 receptor, beta 2, low-affinity (granulocyte-macrophage) [KO:K04738]
12983  Csf2rb; colony stimulating factor 2 receptor, beta, low-affinity (granulocyte-macrophage) [KO:K04738]
18706  Pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
18707  Pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
74769  Pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
18709  Pik3r2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
18708  Pik3r1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
18710  Pik3r3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
18607  Pdpk1; 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
11651  Akt1; thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
11652  Akt2; thymoma viral proto-oncogene 2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
23797  Akt3; thymoma viral proto-oncogene 3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
15461  Hras; Harvey rat sarcoma virus oncogene [KO:K02833]
16653  Kras; Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog [KO:K07827]
18176  Nras; neuroblastoma ras oncogene [KO:K07828]
110157  Raf1; v-raf-leukemia viral oncogene 1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
26395  Map2k1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
26396  Map2k2; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
26413  Mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
26417  Mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00076  Calcium cation
C00319  Sphingosine
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:26615431
  Authors
Savitskaya MA, Onishchenko GE
  Title
Mechanisms of Apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 80:1393-417 (2015)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297915110012
Reference
PMID:23803157
  Authors
Schleich K, Lavrik IN
  Title
Mathematical modeling of apoptosis.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 11:44 (2013)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-11-44
Reference
PMID:15654015
  Authors
Lavrik I, Golks A, Krammer PH
  Title
Death receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 118:265-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.01610
Reference
PMID:15725726
  Authors
Jin Z, El-Deiry WS
  Title
Overview of cell death signaling pathways.
  Journal
Cancer Biol Ther 4:139-63 (2005)
DOI:10.4161/cbt.4.2.1508
Reference
PMID:15322527
  Authors
Benn SC, Woolf CJ
  Title
Adult neuron survival strategies--slamming on the brakes.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 5:686-700 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrn1477
Reference
PMID:12838338
  Authors
Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P
  Title
Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:552-65 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1150
Reference
PMID:19148180
  Authors
Clarke P, Tyler KL
  Title
Apoptosis in animal models of virus-induced disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 7:144-55 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2071
Reference
PMID:22429822
  Authors
Wen X, Lin ZQ, Liu B, Wei YQ
  Title
Caspase-mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
  Journal
Cell Prolif 45:217-24 (2012)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00814.x
Reference
PMID:25526085
  Authors
Shalini S, Dorstyn L, Dawar S, Kumar S
  Title
Old, new and emerging functions of caspases.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 22:526-39 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.216
Reference
PMID:15601572
  Authors
Philchenkov A
  Title
Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death.
  Journal
J Cell Mol Med 8:432-44 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00468.x
Reference
PMID:9894605
  Authors
Stroh C, Schulze-Osthoff K
  Title
Death by a thousand cuts: an ever increasing list of caspase substrates.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 5:997-1000 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400451
Reference
PMID:23070002
  Authors
Safa AR
  Title
c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic regulator.
  Journal
Exp Oncol 34:176-84 (2012)
Reference
PMID:18304445
  Authors
Jeong SY, Seol DW
  Title
The role of mitochondria in apoptosis.
  Journal
BMB Rep 41:11-22 (2008)
DOI:10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.1.011
Reference
PMID:20533903
  Authors
Parsons MJ, Green DR
  Title
Mitochondria in cell death.
  Journal
Essays Biochem 47:99-114 (2010)
DOI:10.1042/bse0470099
Reference
PMID:15719025
  Authors
Strasser A
  Title
The role of BH3-only proteins in the immune system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:189-200 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1568
Reference
PMID:24278747
  Authors
Schonthal AH
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy.
  Journal
Scientifica (Cairo) 2012:857516 (2012)
DOI:10.6064/2012/857516
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18023214
  Authors
Malhotra JD, Kaufman RJ
  Title
The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response.
  Journal
Semin Cell Dev Biol 18:716-31 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.003
Reference
PMID:16397578
  Authors
Wu J, Kaufman RJ
  Title
From acute ER stress to physiological roles of the Unfolded Protein Response.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 13:374-84 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401840
Reference
PMID:21914490
  Authors
Repnik U, Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsins in cell death.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1824:22-33 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.016
Reference
PMID:22465226
  Authors
Cesen MH, Pegan K, Spes A, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomal pathways to cell death and their therapeutic applications.
  Journal
Exp Cell Res 318:1245-51 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.005
Reference
PMID:26231733
  Authors
Dashzeveg N, Yoshida K
  Title
Cell death decision by p53 via control of the mitochondrial membrane.
  Journal
Cancer Lett 367:108-12 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.019
Reference
PMID:22075987
  Authors
Bouchier-Hayes L, Green DR
  Title
Caspase-2: the orphan caspase.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 19:51-7 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2011.157
Reference
PMID:18238895
  Authors
Baptiste-Okoh N, Barsotti AM, Prives C
  Title
A role for caspase 2 and PIDD in the process of p53-mediated apoptosis.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1937-42 (2008)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0711800105
Reference
PMID:12949498
  Authors
Aggarwal BB
  Title
Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 3:745-56 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nri1184
Reference
PMID:14737178
  Authors
Steelman LS, Pohnert SC, Shelton JG, Franklin RA, Bertrand FE, McCubrey JA.
  Title
JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and leukemogenesis.
  Journal
Leukemia 18:189-218 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/sj.leu.2403241
Reference
PMID:9916983
  Authors
Dragovich T, Rudin CM, Thompson CB
  Title
Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell survival and cell death.
  Journal
Oncogene 17:3207-13 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1202587
Reference
PMID:11520933
  Authors
Sofroniew MV, Howe CL, Mobley WC
  Title
Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair.
  Journal
Annu Rev Neurosci 24:1217-81 (2001)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1217
Reference
PMID:24769728
  Authors
Kristiansen M, Ham J
  Title
Programmed cell death during neuronal development: the sympathetic neuron model.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 21:1025-35 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.47
Reference
PMID:18208375
  Authors
Logue SE, Martin SJ
  Title
Caspase activation cascades in apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochem Soc Trans 36:1-9 (2008)
DOI:10.1042/BST0360001
Reference
PMID:19770840
  Authors
Boivin WA, Cooper DM, Hiebert PR, Granville DJ
  Title
Intracellular versus extracellular granzyme B in immunity and disease: challenging the dogma.
  Journal
Lab Invest 89:1195-220 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/labinvest.2009.91
Reference
PMID:20075940
  Authors
Cullen SP, Brunet M, Martin SJ
  Title
Granzymes in cancer and immunity.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 17:616-23 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2009.206
Related
pathway
mmu04010  MAPK signaling pathway
mmu04020  Calcium signaling pathway
mmu04064  NF-kappa B signaling pathway
mmu04115  p53 signaling pathway
mmu04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
mmu04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
mmu04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
mmu04668  TNF signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04210   

  All links  
Genome (1)   
   KEGG GENOME (1)   
Gene (135)   
   KEGG GENES (135)   
All databases (136)   

Download RDF
DBGET integrated database retrieval system