#=GF ID Bee_toxin
#=GF AC PF17454.6
#=GF DE Honey bee toxin
#=GF AU El-Gebali S;0000-0003-1378-5495
#=GF SE PRODOM:PD026566
#=GF GA 25.00 25.00;
#=GF TC 27.30 61.30;
#=GF NC 22.40 21.90;
#=GF BM hmmbuild HMM.ann SEED.ann
#=GF SM hmmsearch -Z 75585367 --cpu 4 -E 1000 HMM pfamseq
#=GF TP Family
#=GF WK Tertiapin
#=GF WK MCD_peptide
#=GF WK Apamin
#=GF RN [1]
#=GF RM 27364758
#=GF RT Interactions between calcium channels and SK channels in
#=GF RT midbrain dopamine neurons and their impact on pacemaker
#=GF RT regularity: Contrasting roles of N- and L-type channels.
#=GF RA de Vrind V, Scuvee-Moreau J, Drion G, Hmaied C, Philippart F,
#=GF RA Engel D, Seutin V;
#=GF RL Eur J Pharmacol. 2016;788:274-279.
#=GF RN [2]
#=GF RM 26295258
#=GF RT Pharmacological Alternatives for the Treatment of
#=GF RT Neurodegenerative Disorders: Wasp and Bee Venoms and Their
#=GF RT Components as New Neuroactive Tools.
#=GF RA Silva J, Monge-Fuentes V, Gomes F, Lopes K, dos Anjos L, Campos
#=GF RA G, Arenas C, Biolchi A, Goncalves J, Galante P, Campos L,
#=GF RA Mortari M;
#=GF RL Toxins (Basel). 2015;7:3179-3209.
#=GF RN [3]
#=GF RM 7213796
#=GF RT A comparative structural study of apamin and related bee venom
#=GF RT peptides.
#=GF RA Hider RC, Ragnarsson U;
#=GF RL Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981;667:197-208.
#=GF RN [4]
#=GF RM 32560481
#=GF RT Apamin Suppresses LPS-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses by
#=GF RT Regulating SK Channels and TLR4-Mediated Signaling Pathways.
#=GF RA Park J, Jang KM, Park KK;
#=GF RL Int J Mol Sci. 2020; [Epub ahead of print]
#=GF RN [5]
#=GF RM 28108814
#=GF RT The small neurotoxin apamin blocks not only small conductance
#=GF RT Ca(2+) activated K(+) channels (SK type) but also the voltage
#=GF RT dependent Kv1.3 channel.
#=GF RA Voos P, Yazar M, Lautenschlager R, Rauh O, Moroni A, Thiel G;
#=GF RL Eur Biophys J. 2017;46:517-523.
#=GF RN [6]
#=GF RM 19818752
#=GF RT Apamin reduces neuromuscular transmission by activating
#=GF RT inhibitory muscarinic M(2) receptors on motor nerve terminals.
#=GF RA de Matos Silva LF, de Paula Ramos ER, Ambiel CR, Correia-de-Sa
#=GF RA P, Alves-Do-Prado W;
#=GF RL Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;626:239-243.
#=GF DR INTERPRO; IPR035361;
#=GF DR SO; 0100021; polypeptide_conserved_region;
#=GF CC Bee venom contains a variety of peptides such as melittin,
#=GF CC apamin, adolapin and mast cell degranulating peptide [1]. Bee
#=GF CC venom has been used in the treatment of major neurodegenerative
#=GF CC disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease,
#=GF CC Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
#=GF CC [2]. Secondary structure analysis of apamin, mast cell
#=GF CC degranulating peptide, tertiapin and secapin have been studied.
#=GF CC The predicted structure for mast cell degranulating peptide is
#=GF CC almost spherical with the eight positive centres evenly
#=GF CC distributed over the surface. It has also been suggested that
#=GF CC these four peptides share a common folding pattern, which is
#=GF CC centred on a beta-turn covalently linked to an alpha-helical
#=GF CC segment by two disulphide links. It is further suggested that
#=GF CC apamin, mast cell degranulating peptide and tertiapin form a
#=GF CC single molecular class [3]. This family includes apamin and
#=GF CC mast cell degranulating peptide. Apamin, the most widely studied
#=GF CC member of this family has been shown to be a selective blocker
#=GF CC of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa2.X or SK) channels
#=GF CC [1,4]. It is a promising anti neuroinflammatory agent that could
#=GF CC be used to prevent and treat various neurological disorders [4].
#=GF CC Apamin also blocks Kv1.3 channels [5] and is able to inhibit
#=GF CC neuromuscular transmission by a mechanism independent of the
#=GF CC blockade of SK channels, which may involve the activation of
#=GF CC inhibitory muscarinic M2 receptors on motor nerve terminals [6].
#=GF SQ 3
#=GS MCDP_APIME/1-50 AC P01499.2
#=GS APAM_APIME/1-46 AC P01500.2
#=GS A0A2A3EK62_APICC/1-46 AC A0A2A3EK62.1
MCDP_APIME/1-50 MISMLRCTFFFLSVILITSYFVTPTMSikCNCKRHviKPHICRKIC----gkng
APAM_APIME/1-46 MISMLRCIYLFLSVILITSYFVTPVMP..CNCKAP..ETALCARRCQQHG....
A0A2A3EK62_APICC/1-46 MISMLRCISLFLSVILITGYFVTPVMS..CNCKAP..ETALCARRCQQHG....
#=GC seq_cons MISMLRCIaLFLSVILITSYFVTPVMS..CNCKAP..ETALCARRCQQHG....
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