KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:aca00010 aca01200 aca01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:aca00010 aca01200 aca01230 aca01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:aca00010 aca00020 aca01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:aca00010 aca00020 aca00620 aca00785 aca01200 aca01210 aca01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:aca00020 aca01200 aca01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:aca00020 aca01200 aca01210 aca01230 aca01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:aca00020 aca01200 aca01210 aca01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:aca00030 aca01200 aca01100 aca01120]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH:aca00030 aca01200 aca01100 aca01120]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:aca00030 aca01200 aca01230 aca01100 aca01120]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:aca00030 aca00230 aca01200 aca01230 aca01100]
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate [PATH:aca00030 aca01200 aca01100 aca01120]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00061 D-Glucuronate degradation, D-glucuronate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:aca00040 aca00030 aca01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH:aca00052 aca01100]
M00129 Ascorbate biosynthesis, animals, glucose-1P => ascorbate [PATH:aca00040 aca00053 aca01240 aca01100]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:aca00500 aca01100]
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P [PATH:aca00500 aca01100]
M00549 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, glucose => UDP-glucose [PATH:aca00520 aca01250 aca01100]
M00554 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, galactose => UDP-galactose [PATH:aca00520 aca00052 aca01250 aca01100]
M00892 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, eukaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:aca00520 aca01250 aca01100]
M00909 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:aca00520 aca01250 aca01100]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH:aca00630 aca01200 aca01100 aca01110]
M00741 Propanoyl-CoA metabolism, propanoyl-CoA => succinyl-CoA [PATH:aca00280 aca00630 aca00640 aca01200 aca01100]
M00130 Inositol phosphate metabolism, PI=> PIP2 => Ins(1,4,5)P3 => Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 [PATH:aca00562 aca01100]
M00132 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate [PATH:aca00562 aca01100]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00165 Reductive pentose phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) [PATH:aca01200 aca01100 aca01120]
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:aca00620 aca01200 aca01100 aca01120]
M00170 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase type [PATH:aca01200 aca01100 aca01120]
M00579 Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate [PATH:aca00430 aca00620 aca01200 aca01100 aca01120]

Methane metabolism
M00345 Formaldehyde assimilation, ribulose monophosphate pathway [PATH:aca00030 aca00680 aca01200 aca01230 aca01100 aca01120]

Nitrogen metabolism
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:aca00910 aca01100 aca01120]
M00530 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:aca00910 aca01100 aca01120]

Sulfur metabolism
M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:aca00920 aca01100 aca01120]
M00595 Thiosulfate oxidation by SOX complex, thiosulfate => sulfate [PATH:aca00920 aca01100 aca01120]

Photosynthesis
M00161 Photosystem II [PATH:aca01100]
M00163 Photosystem I [PATH:aca01100]

ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]
M00145 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, chloroplasts and cyanobacteria [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]
M00150 Fumarate reductase, prokaryotes [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]
M00148 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]
M00162 Cytochrome b6f complex [PATH:aca01100]
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]
M00155 Cytochrome c oxidase, prokaryotes [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:aca00190]
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]
M00416 Cytochrome aa3-600 menaquinol oxidase [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]
M00156 Cytochrome c oxidase, cbb3-type [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH:aca00190 aca01100]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:aca00061 aca01212 aca01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:aca00061 aca01212 aca01100]
M00085 Fatty acid elongation in mitochondria [PATH:aca01212 aca01100]
M00415 Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum [PATH:aca01212 aca01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:aca00061 aca00071 aca01212 aca01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:aca00071 aca01212 aca01100]
M00861 beta-Oxidation, peroxisome, VLCFA [PATH:aca01212 aca01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
M00107 Steroid hormone biosynthesis, cholesterol => pregnenolone => progesterone [PATH:aca01100]
M00110 C19/C18-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, pregnenolone => androstenedione => estrone [PATH:aca01100]
M00976 C19-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, pregnenolone => testosterone => dihydrotestosterone [PATH:aca01100]

Lipid metabolism
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis [PATH:aca00561 aca01100]
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation [PATH:aca00561 aca01100]
M00090 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, choline => PC [PATH:aca00564 aca01100]
M00091 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, PE => PC [PATH:aca00564 aca01100]
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE [PATH:aca00564 aca01100]
M00093 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE [PATH:aca00564 aca01100]
M00094 Ceramide biosynthesis [PATH:aca00600 aca01100]
M00066 Lactosylceramide biosynthesis [PATH:aca00600 aca01100]
M00067 Sulfoglycolipids biosynthesis, ceramide/1-alkyl-2-acylglycerol => sulfatide/seminolipid [PATH:aca00600 aca01100]
M00099 Sphingosine biosynthesis [PATH:aca00600 aca01100]
M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:aca00600 aca01100]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:aca00230 aca01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:aca00230 aca01232 aca01240 aca01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:aca00230 aca01232 aca01100]
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:aca00230 aca00240 aca01232 aca01100]
M00958 Adenine ribonucleotide degradation, AMP => Urate [PATH:aca00230 aca01232 aca01100]
M00959 Guanine ribonucleotide degradation, GMP => Urate [PATH:aca00230 aca01232 aca01100]
M00546 Purine degradation, xanthine => urea [PATH:aca00230 aca01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00051 De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP [PATH:aca00240 aca01240 aca01100]
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:aca00240 aca01232 aca01240 aca01100]
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP [PATH:aca00240 aca01232 aca01100]
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate [PATH:aca00240 aca00410 aca00770 aca01100]
M00939 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => 3-hydroxypropanoate [PATH:aca00240 aca01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:aca00260 aca00680 aca01200 aca01230 aca01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:aca00260 aca01230 aca01100 aca01110]
M00621 Glycine cleavage system [PATH:aca00260 aca00630 aca00785 aca01200 aca01100]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:aca00260 aca01100]
M00974 Betaine metabolism, animals, betaine => glycine [PATH:aca00260 aca01100]
M00033 Ectoine biosynthesis, aspartate => ectoine [PATH:aca00260 aca01210 aca01230 aca01100 aca01120]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:aca00270 aca00920 aca01200 aca01230 aca01100 aca01110]
M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:aca00260 aca00270 aca01230 aca01100]
M00609 Cysteine biosynthesis, methionine => cysteine [PATH:aca00270 aca01230 aca01100]
M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine [PATH:aca00270 aca01230 aca01100]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:aca00270 aca01100]
M00035 Methionine degradation [PATH:aca00270 aca01100]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:aca00290 aca00770 aca01210 aca01230 aca01100 aca01110]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:aca00290 aca01230 aca01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:aca00290 aca01210 aca01230 aca01100 aca01110]
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA [PATH:aca00280 aca01100]

Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:aca00300 aca01230 aca01100]
M00525 Lysine biosynthesis, acetyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:aca00300 aca01230 aca01100]
M00526 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP dehydrogenase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:aca00300 aca01230 aca01100]
M00527 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:aca00300 aca01230 aca01100 aca01110]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine [PATH:aca00220 aca01210 aca01230 aca01100]
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:aca00220 aca01230 aca01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:aca00330 aca01230 aca01100]
M00970 Proline degradation, proline => glutamate [PATH:aca00330 aca01100]
M00972 Proline metabolism [PATH:aca00330 aca01100]
M00879 Arginine succinyltransferase pathway, arginine => glutamate [PATH:aca00330 aca01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00133 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => agmatine => putrescine => spermidine [PATH:aca00330 aca01100]
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine [PATH:aca00330 aca01100]
M00135 GABA biosynthesis, eukaryotes, putrescine => GABA [PATH:aca00330 aca01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:aca00340 aca01230 aca01100 aca01110]
M00045 Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate [PATH:aca00340 aca01100]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH:aca00400 aca01230 aca01100 aca01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:aca00400 aca01230 aca01100 aca01110]
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine [PATH:aca00400 aca01230 aca01100 aca01110]
M00040 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => tyrosine [PATH:aca00400 aca01230 aca01100 aca01110]
M00043 Thyroid hormone biosynthesis, tyrosine => triiodothyronine/thyroxine [PATH:aca00350 aca01100]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH:aca00350 aca01100]
M00037 Melatonin biosynthesis, animals, tryptophan => serotonin => melatonin [PATH:aca00380 aca01100]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt [PATH:aca00250 aca00650 aca01100]
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:aca00480 aca01240 aca01100]

Glycan metabolism
Glycan biosynthesis
M00070 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, lacto-series, LacCer => Lc4Cer [PATH:aca01100]
M00071 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, neolacto-series, LacCer => nLc4Cer [PATH:aca01100]
M00068 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, globo-series, LacCer => Gb4Cer [PATH:aca01100]
M00069 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, ganglio series, LacCer => GT3 [PATH:aca01100]

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
M00058 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, chondroitin sulfate backbone [PATH:aca01100]
M00076 Dermatan sulfate degradation [PATH:aca01100]
M00077 Chondroitin sulfate degradation [PATH:aca01100]
M00079 Keratan sulfate degradation [PATH:aca01100]

Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
M00063 CMP-KDO biosynthesis [PATH:aca00540 aca01250 aca01100]
M00064 ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis [PATH:aca00540 aca01250 aca01100]

Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:aca00730 aca01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH:aca00740 aca01240 aca01100 aca01110]
M00916 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P [PATH:aca00750 aca01240 aca01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:aca00760 aca01240 aca01100]
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate [PATH:aca00770 aca01240 aca01100 aca01110]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:aca00770 aca01240 aca01100]
M00572 Pimeloyl-ACP biosynthesis, BioC-BioH pathway, malonyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP [PATH:aca00780 aca01240 aca01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:aca00780 aca01240 aca01100]
M00950 Biotin biosynthesis, BioU pathway, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:aca00780 aca01240 aca01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH:aca00785 aca01240 aca01100]
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H [PATH:aca00785 aca01240 aca01100]
M00883 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, animals and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H => dihydrolipoyl-E2 [PATH:aca00785 aca01240 aca01100]
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF [PATH:aca00790 aca00670 aca01240 aca01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:aca00790 aca01240 aca01100]
M00140 C1-unit interconversion, prokaryotes [PATH:aca00670 aca01240 aca01100]
M00141 C1-unit interconversion, eukaryotes [PATH:aca00670 aca01240 aca01100]
M00846 Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme [PATH:aca00860 aca01240 aca01100 aca01110]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH:aca00860 aca01240 aca01100 aca01110]
M00926 Heme biosynthesis, bacteria, glutamyl-tRNA => coproporphyrin III => heme [PATH:aca00860 aca01240 aca01100]
M00924 Cobalamin biosynthesis, anaerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => sirohydrochlorin => cobyrinate a,c-diamide [PATH:aca00860 aca01240 aca01100]
M00122 Cobalamin biosynthesis, cobyrinate a,c-diamide => cobalamin [PATH:aca00860 aca01240 aca01100]
M00128 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, eukaryotes, 4-hydroxybenzoate + polyprenyl-PP => ubiquinol [PATH:aca00130 aca01240 aca01100]
M00116 Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol [PATH:aca00130 aca01240 aca01100 aca01110]
M00931 Menaquinone biosynthesis, modified futalosine pathway [PATH:aca00130 aca01240 aca01100]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:aca00900 aca01100 aca01110]
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:aca00900 aca01100 aca01110]
M00364 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria [PATH:aca00900 aca01100 aca01110]
M00367 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-plant eukaryotes [PATH:aca00900 aca01100 aca01110]

Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
M00824 9-membered enediyne core biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => 3-hydroxyhexadeca-4,6,8,10,12,14-hexaenoyl-ACP => 9-membered enediyne core [PATH:aca01100 aca01110]
M00829 3,6-Dimethylsalicylyl-CoA biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => 6-methylsalicylate => 3,6-dimethylsalicylyl-CoA [PATH:aca01100 aca01110]

Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
M00793 dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis [PATH:aca00521 aca00523 aca00541 aca01250 aca01100 aca01110]

Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
M00736 Nocardicin A biosynthesis, L-pHPG + arginine + serine => nocardicin A [PATH:aca00261 aca01100 aca01110]

Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation
M00637 Anthranilate degradation, anthranilate => catechol [PATH:aca00627 aca01100 aca01120]
M00568 Catechol ortho-cleavage, catechol => 3-oxoadipate [PATH:aca00362 aca01220 aca01100 aca01120]

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
M00851 Carbapenem resistance [PATH:aca01501]
M00627 beta-Lactam resistance, Bla system [PATH:aca01501]
M00642 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexJK-OprM
M00649 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AdeABC [PATH:aca01501]
M00698 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump BpeEF-OprC

Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00611 Oxygenic photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria
M00615 Nitrate assimilation