KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:lan00010 lan01200 lan01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:lan00010 lan01200 lan01230 lan01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:lan00010 lan00020 lan01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:lan00010 lan00020 lan00620 lan00785 lan01200 lan01210 lan01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:lan00020 lan01200 lan01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:lan00020 lan01200 lan01210 lan01230 lan01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:lan00020 lan01200 lan01210 lan01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:lan00030 lan01200 lan01100 lan01120]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH:lan00030 lan01200 lan01100 lan01120]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:lan00030 lan01200 lan01230 lan01100 lan01120]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:lan00030 lan00230 lan01200 lan01230 lan01100]
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate [PATH:lan00030 lan01200 lan01100 lan01120]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00081 Pectin degradation [PATH:lan00040 lan01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH:lan00052 lan01100]
M00552 D-galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, D-galactonate => glycerate-3P [PATH:lan00052 lan01100]
M00114 Ascorbate biosynthesis, plants, fructose-6P => ascorbate [PATH:lan00051 lan00053 lan01240 lan01100 lan01110]
M00550 Ascorbate degradation, ascorbate => D-xylulose-5P [PATH:lan00053 lan01100 lan01120]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:lan00500 lan01100]
M00549 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, glucose => UDP-glucose [PATH:lan00520 lan01250 lan01100]
M00554 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, galactose => UDP-galactose [PATH:lan00520 lan00052 lan01250 lan01100]
M00892 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, eukaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:lan00520 lan01250 lan01100]
M00909 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:lan00520 lan01250 lan01100]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH:lan00630 lan01200 lan01100 lan01110]
M00132 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate [PATH:lan01100]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:lan00620 lan01200 lan01100 lan01120]
M00169 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), light [PATH:lan00620 lan01200 lan01100 lan01120]
M00172 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NADP - malic enzyme type [PATH:lan00620 lan01200 lan01100 lan01120]
M00171 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NAD - malic enzyme type [PATH:lan01200 lan01100 lan01120]
M00170 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase type [PATH:lan01200 lan01100 lan01120]
M00579 Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate [PATH:lan00430 lan00620 lan01200 lan01100 lan01120]

Methane metabolism
Nitrogen metabolism
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:lan00910 lan01100 lan01120]

Sulfur metabolism
M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:lan00920 lan01100 lan01120]

Photosynthesis
ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes [PATH:lan00190 lan01100]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH:lan00190 lan01100]
M00148 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) [PATH:lan00190 lan01100]
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit [PATH:lan00190 lan01100]
M00155 Cytochrome c oxidase, prokaryotes [PATH:lan00190 lan01100]
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:lan00190]
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:lan00190 lan01100]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH:lan00190 lan01100]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:lan00061 lan01212 lan01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:lan00061 lan01212 lan01100]
M00415 Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum [PATH:lan01040 lan01212 lan01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:lan00061 lan00071 lan01212 lan01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:lan00071 lan01212 lan01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
M00917 Phytosterol biosynthesis, squalene 2,3-epoxide => campesterol/sitosterol [PATH:lan01100 lan01110]

Lipid metabolism
M00088 Ketone body biosynthesis, acetyl-CoA => acetoacetate/3-hydroxybutyrate/acetone [PATH:lan00650 lan01100]
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis [PATH:lan00561 lan01100]
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation [PATH:lan00561 lan01100]
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE [PATH:lan00564 lan01100]
M00093 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE [PATH:lan00564 lan01100]
M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:lan01100]
M00113 Jasmonic acid biosynthesis [PATH:lan00592 lan01100 lan01110]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:lan00230 lan01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:lan00230 lan01232 lan01240 lan01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:lan00230 lan01232 lan01100]
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:lan00230 lan00240 lan01232 lan01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:lan00240 lan01232 lan01240 lan01100]
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP [PATH:lan00240 lan01232 lan01100]
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate [PATH:lan00240 lan00410 lan00770 lan01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:lan00260 lan00680 lan01200 lan01230 lan01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:lan00260 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]
M00621 Glycine cleavage system [PATH:lan00260 lan00630 lan00785 lan01200 lan01100]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:lan00260 lan01100]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:lan00270 lan00920 lan01200 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]
M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:lan00260 lan00270 lan01230 lan01100]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:lan00270 lan01100]
M00368 Ethylene biosynthesis, methionine => ethylene [PATH:lan00270 lan01100 lan01110]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:lan00290 lan00770 lan01210 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:lan00290 lan01230 lan01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:lan00290 lan01210 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA [PATH:lan00280 lan01100]

Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:lan00300 lan01230 lan01100]
M00525 Lysine biosynthesis, acetyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:lan00300 lan01230 lan01100]
M00527 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:lan00300 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine [PATH:lan00220 lan01210 lan01230 lan01100]
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:lan00220 lan01230 lan01100]
M00845 Arginine biosynthesis, glutamate => acetylcitrulline => arginine [PATH:lan00220 lan01230 lan01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:lan00330 lan01230 lan01100]
M00970 Proline degradation, proline => glutamate [PATH:lan00330 lan01100]
M00972 Proline metabolism [PATH:lan00330 lan01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine [PATH:lan00330 lan01100]
M00135 GABA biosynthesis, eukaryotes, putrescine => GABA [PATH:lan00330 lan01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:lan00340 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]
M00045 Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate [PATH:lan00340 lan01100]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH:lan00400 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:lan00400 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine [PATH:lan00400 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]
M00910 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => phenylalanine [PATH:lan00400 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]
M00040 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => tyrosine [PATH:lan00400 lan01230 lan01100 lan01110]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH:lan00350 lan01100]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt [PATH:lan00250 lan00650 lan01100]
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:lan00480 lan01240 lan01100]

Glycan metabolism
Glycan biosynthesis
M00055 N-glycan precursor biosynthesis [PATH:lan01100]
M00073 N-glycan precursor trimming [PATH:lan01100]

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
M00063 CMP-KDO biosynthesis [PATH:lan00540 lan01250 lan01100]

Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00897 Thiamine biosynthesis, plants, AIR (+ NAD+) => TMP/thiamine/TPP [PATH:lan00730 lan01240 lan01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:lan00730 lan01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH:lan00740 lan01240 lan01100 lan01110]
M00916 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P [PATH:lan00750 lan01240 lan01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:lan00760 lan01240 lan01100]
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate [PATH:lan00770 lan01240 lan01100 lan01110]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:lan00770 lan01240 lan01100]
M00572 Pimeloyl-ACP biosynthesis, BioC-BioH pathway, malonyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP [PATH:lan00780 lan01240 lan01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:lan00780 lan01240 lan01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH:lan00785 lan01240 lan01100]
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H [PATH:lan00785 lan01240 lan01100]
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF [PATH:lan00790 lan00670 lan01240 lan01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:lan00790 lan01240 lan01100]
M00140 C1-unit interconversion, prokaryotes [PATH:lan00670 lan01240 lan01100]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH:lan00860 lan01240 lan01100 lan01110]
M00932 Phylloquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ phytyl-PP) => phylloquinol [PATH:lan00130 lan01240 lan01100 lan01110]
M00112 Tocopherol/tocotorienol biosynthesis, homogentisate + phytyl/geranylgeranyl-PP => tocopherol/tocotorienol [PATH:lan00130 lan01240 lan01100 lan01110]
M00933 Plastoquinone biosynthesis, homogentisate + solanesyl-PP => plastoquinol [PATH:lan00130 lan01240 lan01100 lan01110]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:lan00900 lan01100 lan01110]
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:lan00900 lan01100 lan01110]
M00364 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria [PATH:lan00900 lan01100 lan01110]
M00366 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants [PATH:lan00900 lan01100 lan01110]

Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
M00097 beta-Carotene biosynthesis, GGAP => beta-carotene [PATH:lan00906 lan01100 lan01110]
M00372 Abscisic acid biosynthesis, beta-carotene => abscisic acid [PATH:lan00906 lan01100 lan01110]
M00371 Castasterone biosynthesis, campesterol => castasterone [PATH:lan01100 lan01110]
M00927 Gibberellin A12 biosynthesis, GAPP => GA12 [PATH:lan01100 lan01110]
M00928 Gibberellin A4/A1 biosynthesis, GA12/GA53 => GA4/GA1 [PATH:lan01100 lan01110]

Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
M00793 dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis [PATH:lan00521 lan00523 lan00541 lan01250 lan01100 lan01110]

Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
M00039 Monolignol biosynthesis, phenylalanine/tyrosine => monolignol [PATH:lan01100 lan01110]
M00137 Flavanone biosynthesis, phenylalanine => naringenin [PATH:lan01100 lan01110]
M00940 Flavanone biosynthesis, p-coumaroyl-CoA => liquiritigenin [PATH:lan01100 lan01110]
M00138 Flavonoid biosynthesis, naringenin => pelargonidin [PATH:lan01100 lan01110]
M00941 Isoflavone biosynthesis, liquiritigenin/naringenin => daidzein/genistein [PATH:lan01100 lan01110]

Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
M00627 beta-Lactam resistance, Bla system [PATH:lan01501]
M00649 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AdeABC [PATH:lan01501]

Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00615 Nitrate assimilation