KEGG Modules
Pathway modules
Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH: sal00010 sal01200 sal01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH: sal00010 sal01200 sal01230 sal01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH: sal00010 sal00020 sal01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH: sal00010 sal00020 sal00620 sal00785 sal01200 sal01210 sal01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH: sal00020 sal01200 sal01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH: sal00020 sal01200 sal01210 sal01230 sal01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH: sal00020 sal01200 sal01210 sal01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH: sal00030 sal01200 sal01100 sal01120]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH: sal00030 sal01200 sal01100 sal01120]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH: sal00030 sal01200 sal01230 sal01100 sal01120]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH: sal00030 sal00230 sal01200 sal01230 sal01100]
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate [PATH: sal00030 sal01200 sal01100 sal01120]
M00308 Semi-phosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway, gluconate => glycerate-3P [PATH: sal00030 sal01200 sal01100 sal01120]
Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00014 Glucuronate pathway (uronate pathway) [PATH: sal00040 sal01100]
M00061 D-Glucuronate degradation, D-glucuronate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH: sal00040 sal00030 sal01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH: sal00052 sal01100]
M00552 D-galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, D-galactonate => glycerate-3P [PATH: sal00052 sal01100]
M00550 Ascorbate degradation, ascorbate => D-xylulose-5P [PATH: sal00053 sal01100 sal01120]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH: sal00500 sal01100]
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P [PATH: sal00500 sal01100]
M00565 Trehalose biosynthesis, D-glucose 1P => trehalose [PATH: sal00500 sal01100 sal01110]
M00549 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, glucose => UDP-glucose [PATH: sal00520 sal01250 sal01100]
M00554 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, galactose => UDP-galactose [PATH: sal00520 sal00052 sal01250 sal01100]
M00892 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, eukaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH: sal00520 sal01250 sal01100]
M00909 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH: sal00520 sal01250 sal01100]
M00761 Undecaprenylphosphate alpha-L-Ara4N biosynthesis, UDP-GlcA => undecaprenyl phosphate alpha-L-Ara4N [PATH: sal00520 sal01100]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH: sal00630 sal01200 sal01100 sal01110]
M00373 Ethylmalonyl pathway [PATH: sal00630 sal01200 sal01100 sal01120]
M00741 Propanoyl-CoA metabolism, propanoyl-CoA => succinyl-CoA [PATH: sal00280 sal00630 sal00640 sal01200 sal01100]
M00968 Pentose bisphosphate pathway (nucleoside degradation), archaea, nucleoside/NMP => 3-PGA/glycerone phosphate [PATH: sal00030 sal00230 sal00240 sal00630 sal01100]
M00130 Inositol phosphate metabolism, PI=> PIP2 => Ins(1,4,5)P3 => Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 [PATH: sal00562 sal01100]
M00131 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 => Ins(1,3,4)P3 => myo-inositol [PATH: sal00562 sal01100]
M00132 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate [PATH: sal00562 sal01100]
Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
Methane metabolism
Nitrogen metabolism
Sulfur metabolism
Photosynthesis
ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00142 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondria [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00143 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein/flavoprotein complex, mitochondria [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00146 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00150 Fumarate reductase, prokaryotes [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00148 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00152 Cytochrome bc1 complex [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00154 Cytochrome c oxidase [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00155 Cytochrome c oxidase, prokaryotes [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase [PATH: sal00190]
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00416 Cytochrome aa3-600 menaquinol oxidase [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00156 Cytochrome c oxidase, cbb3-type [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00159 V/A-type ATPase, prokaryotes [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
M00160 V-type ATPase, eukaryotes [PATH: sal00190 sal01100]
Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
Sterol biosynthesis
M00103 Cholecalciferol biosynthesis [PATH:sal00100 sal01100]
M00107 Steroid hormone biosynthesis, cholesterol => pregnenolone => progesterone [PATH:sal01100]
M00109 C21-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, progesterone => cortisol/cortisone [PATH:sal01100]
M00110 C19/C18-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, pregnenolone => androstenedione => estrone [PATH:sal01100]
M00976 C19-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, pregnenolone => testosterone => dihydrotestosterone [PATH:sal01100]
Lipid metabolism
Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
Cysteine and methionine metabolism
Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH: sal00300 sal01230 sal01100]
M00525 Lysine biosynthesis, acetyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH: sal00300 sal01230 sal01100]
M00526 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP dehydrogenase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH: sal00300 sal01230 sal01100]
M00527 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH: sal00300 sal01230 sal01100 sal01110]
M00032 Lysine degradation, lysine => saccharopine => acetoacetyl-CoA [PATH: sal00310 sal01210 sal01100]
M00956 Lysine degradation, bacteria, L-lysine => succinate [PATH: sal00310 sal01100 sal01120]
Arginine and proline metabolism
Polyamine biosynthesis
Histidine metabolism
Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH: sal00400 sal01230 sal01100 sal01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH: sal00400 sal01230 sal01100 sal01110]
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine [PATH: sal00400 sal01230 sal01100 sal01110]
M00025 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => HPP => tyrosine [PATH: sal00400 sal01230 sal01100]
M00042 Catecholamine biosynthesis, tyrosine => dopamine => noradrenaline => adrenaline [PATH: sal00350 sal01100]
M00043 Thyroid hormone biosynthesis, tyrosine => triiodothyronine/thyroxine [PATH: sal00350 sal01100]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH: sal00350 sal01100]
M00533 Homoprotocatechuate degradation, homoprotocatechuate => 2-oxohept-3-enedioate [PATH: sal00350 sal01220 sal01100 sal01120]
M00037 Melatonin biosynthesis, animals, tryptophan => serotonin => melatonin [PATH: sal00380 sal01100]
M00038 Tryptophan metabolism, tryptophan => kynurenine => 2-aminomuconate [PATH: sal00380 sal01100]
Other amino acid metabolism
Glycan metabolism
Glycan biosynthesis
M00073 N-glycan precursor trimming [PATH:sal01100]
M00075 N-glycan biosynthesis, complex type [PATH:sal01100]
M00872 O-glycan biosynthesis, mannose type (core M3) [PATH:sal01100]
M00070 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, lacto-series, LacCer => Lc4Cer [PATH:sal01100]
M00071 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, neolacto-series, LacCer => nLc4Cer [PATH:sal01100]
M00069 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, ganglio series, LacCer => GT3 [PATH:sal01100]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00127 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/tyrosine) => TMP/TPP [PATH: sal00730 sal01240 sal01100]
M00895 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/glycine) => TMP/TPP [PATH: sal00730 sal01240 sal01100]
M00896 Thiamine biosynthesis, archaea, AIR (+ NAD+) => TMP/TPP [PATH: sal00730 sal01240 sal01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH: sal00730 sal01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH: sal00740 sal01240 sal01100 sal01110]
M00124 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, erythrose-4P => pyridoxal-P [PATH: sal00750 sal01240 sal01100]
M00916 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P [PATH: sal00750 sal01240 sal01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH: sal00760 sal01240 sal01100]
M00912 NAD biosynthesis, tryptophan => quinolinate => NAD [PATH: sal00380 sal00760 sal01240 sal01100]
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate [PATH: sal00770 sal01240 sal01100 sal01110]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH: sal00770 sal01240 sal01100]
M00914 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, archaea, 2-oxoisovalerate => 4-phosphopantoate => CoA [PATH: sal00770 sal01240 sal01100]
M00572 Pimeloyl-ACP biosynthesis, BioC-BioH pathway, malonyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP [PATH: sal00780 sal01240 sal01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH: sal00780 sal01240 sal01100]
M00950 Biotin biosynthesis, BioU pathway, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH: sal00780 sal01240 sal01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH: sal00785 sal01240 sal01100]
M00883 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, animals and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H => dihydrolipoyl-E2 [PATH: sal00785 sal01240 sal01100]
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF [PATH: sal00790 sal00670 sal01240 sal01100]
M00842 Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, GTP => BH4 [PATH: sal00790 sal01240 sal01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH: sal00790 sal01240 sal01100]
M00140 C1-unit interconversion, prokaryotes [PATH: sal00670 sal01240 sal01100]
M00141 C1-unit interconversion, eukaryotes [PATH: sal00670 sal01240 sal01100]
M00846 Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme [PATH: sal00860 sal01240 sal01100 sal01110]
M00868 Heme biosynthesis, animals and fungi, glycine => heme [PATH: sal00860 sal01240 sal01100 sal01110]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH: sal00860 sal01240 sal01100 sal01110]
M00926 Heme biosynthesis, bacteria, glutamyl-tRNA => coproporphyrin III => heme [PATH: sal00860 sal01240 sal01100]
M00847 Heme biosynthesis, archaea, siroheme => heme [PATH: sal00860 sal01240 sal01100 sal01110]
M00924 Cobalamin biosynthesis, anaerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => sirohydrochlorin => cobyrinate a,c-diamide [PATH: sal00860 sal01240 sal01100]
M00925 Cobalamin biosynthesis, aerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => precorrin 2 => cobyrinate a,c-diamide [PATH: sal00860 sal01240 sal01100]
M00122 Cobalamin biosynthesis, cobyrinate a,c-diamide => cobalamin [PATH: sal00860 sal01240 sal01100]
M00117 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol [PATH: sal00130 sal01240 sal01100 sal01110]
M00128 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, eukaryotes, 4-hydroxybenzoate + polyprenyl-PP => ubiquinol [PATH: sal00130 sal01240 sal01100]
M00116 Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol [PATH: sal00130 sal01240 sal01100 sal01110]
M00930 Menaquinone biosynthesis, futalosine pathway [PATH: sal00130 sal01240 sal01100]
Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
Xenobiotics biodegradation
Signature modules
Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
M00627 beta-Lactam resistance, Bla system [PATH:sal01501]
M00744 Cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance, protease PgtE
M00696 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AcrEF-TolC
Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00615 Nitrate assimilation
M00616 Sulfate-sulfur assimilation
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